What is a stroke, symptoms of a stroke and how is it treated?
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A stroke is medical emergency. Stroke occurs when the blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced. This deprives brain cells of oxygen and nutrients which can lead to damage, or even death. The effects of stroke depend on the area of the brain involved and how severe the disruption of blood flow is.
Symptoms of stroke
The symptoms of stroke can vary depending on which part of the brain is affected. Common signs can be remembered using the FAST mnemonic:
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Face
Drooping or numbness to one side of the face.
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Arms
Weakness, numbness or clumsiness in on arm.
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Speech
Slurred speech, difficulty speaking or understanding speech
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Time
It’s time to get help!
Types of strokes
Ischemic stroke
An ischemic stroke happens when a blockage stops blood from reaching a part of the brain. This can be caused by:
- A thrombus (blood clot) that forms in the blood vessel or
- An embolus which is a clot, fat or other debris from somewhere else in the body travels to the brain and blocks a blood vessel
Hemorrhagic stroke
A hemorrhagic stroke happens when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and causes bleeding. This disruption causes brain damage because that part of the brain is no longer receiving oxygenated blood flow.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
A TIA is considered a “mini-stroke.” During a TIA, blood flow to a part of the brain is temporarily blocked by a blood clot or narrowed blood vessels. Symptoms usually resolve after a few minutes, so it does not lead to permanent damage. However, this could be a warning sign that a full stroke could occur.
Treatment
Stroke treatment depends on the type of stroke and timing.
Ischemic Strokes
Medications called thrombolytics can be given. This type of medicine improves blood flow by dissolving abnormal blood clots. It is given through an IV.
Sometimes procedures may be necessary to restore blood flow to the brain:
An endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is a procedure to remove a blood clot that is blocking the flow of blood in an artery or vein in your brain.
An angioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked arteries to restore blood flow to the brain. A stent may be used to keep the blood vessel propped open and maintain blood flow.
Hemorrhagic Strokes
Medicines may be given to control the bleeding or lower blood pressure. Sometimes, surgery might be needed to repair the blood vessel or relieve pressure in the brain.
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Blood thinners may be prescribed to reduce the risk of blood clots.